Evaluate a chosen psychological theory and its associated method of Essay

Assess a picked mental hypothesis and its related technique for mediation with regaurd to a picked mental disorder.Further consider the elements that affe - Essay Example The psychodynamic point of view underscores on the inside clashes, intentions and oblivious powers control a person's obvious conduct and disposition, thus tending to and settling these basic variables may quality in the comprehension of maladaptive conduct. In psychodynamic approach, the related manifestations are considered as a declaration of a resistance system with a battling internal identity ascribes to the scattered example of eating or weight control conduct as an implication to cooperative or well-spoken basic issues. In an ordinary psychodynamic treatment approach, these side effects are mulled over for communicating basic issues, working through them and afterward settling them. The psychodynamic treatment meeting basically comprises of weaving machines comprehension and organization of the transference relationship commonly comparing between the specialist and the customer. The adequacy of sole utilization of psychodynamic approach has not been demonstrated well sufficie nt, essentially due to twofold reasons. Right off the bat, as a rule customers experiencing intense starvation, discouragement or compulsivity that constrain them having twisted mental states and consequently irritating the emergency by methods for starting related intricacies like self-destructive ideation or endeavor, enthusiastic gorging or cleansing, or requirement for basic clinical consideration. This in the end disintegrates the result of psychodynamic treatment approach, whenever applied earlier settling these issues. Besides, customer may take part in psychodynamic remedial methodology for long years while utilizing themselves in the ruinous suggestive conduct too. This paper centers around the examination of Freudian psychodynamics hypothetical viewpoints comparable to the dietary problem including the versatile capacity and the reason that the dietary problem serves at oblivious level. Freudian Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) had been enormously impacted by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894), a German physicist and doctor. Freud had been roused from him to propose his psychodynamic hypothesis comparable to the standards consolidating the law of thermodynamics. He estimated that mystic vitality ascribed to the improvement of human character is a type of vitality that can nor be crushed nor be made, it must be changed over starting with one structure then onto the next, complying with the 'law of vitality'. Thus the study of brain science is to concentrate on the adjustment, conduction and trade of mystic vitality inside the domain of character qualities crediting to the obvious shape and deciding it (Internet Encyclopedia). In his geographical structure of psyche (1923) as showed in Figure 1, Freud clarified the division of brain as the dynamism of oblivious, preconscious and cognizant degrees of psyche by righteousness of interaction among Id, Ego and Superego. Freud thought about that the greater part of our hidden sentiments joining feelings, convictions, mentalities and driving forces are covered down into oblivious level. The cognizant degree of the brain, the littlest area, is the thing that an individual knows about. Freud portrayed that as we have the impression of familiarity with our condition and the articles around us, it means the component of cognizant psyche. Another level is preconscious which is expeditiously available at whatever point

Significance of Vladimir Lenin free essay sample

Breaking the boundary between accomplishing both monetary achievement and political accomplishment, Vladimir Lenin without any help finished the Tsardom and brought the communist â€Å"Bolshevik† gathering to control in Russia. Lenin’s extraordinary encounters in his childhood drove him to his status as a progressive and at last changed Russia and the world. Lenin’s early life assisted with molding his fate as a progressive chief. Similarly as with a great many people, Lenin’s convictions and standards were ingrained in him at a youthful, susceptible age. Lenin was conceived in a little country town on the Volga River called Simbirsk on April 10, 1877. He was conceived Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, to a group of two sisters and three siblings, every one of whom became progressives. Vladimir’s father, Iliya Ulyanov, was a school monitor and was amusingly an aristocrat. Lenin was brought up in an upper-white collar class family and even communicated this reality straightforwardly at his assemblies approving it by saying, â€Å"By their economic wellbeing the originators of current logical communism, Marx and Engels, themselves had a place with the common intelligentsia† (What Is to Be Done 2). Marx and Engels were the two innovators of Communism, who were knowledgeable high society citizenry that trusted in social change. One of Lenin’s more established siblings, Alexander, was additionally a progressive. In 1887, he and four others were captured for plotting to kill Tsar Alexander III. Alexander Ulyanov was openly hanged that equivalent year. Prior to his demise, Alexander said that, â€Å"[Vladimir] indicated no enthusiasm for open affairs† (Gottfried 18). Actually, it was Alexander’s passing that activated Vladimir’s hatred toward the Tsarist government and assisted with imparting a prideful requirement for unrest. He previously exhibited his convictions at a dissent at Kazan University, for which he was speedily removed. He was permitted to proceed with his examinations without anyone else and in the long run got his degree in law in 1891. Some of Lenin’s later impacts were Karl Marx and Nicholas Chernyshevsky, whose book was the namesake for Lenin’s most well known leaflet, â€Å"What is To Be Done? † Their way of thinking of a â€Å"class struggle† demonstrated that the affluent high society exploited the lower class for their own advantage. These joined encounters established the framework for Lenin’s radical convictions in transformation. As Lenin filled in as a legal advisor and compose his numerous handouts, a tempest started to blend in his brain with respect to the approaching transformation. Lenin, similar to others in the communist party, needed social and monetary equity for the low class, or regular workers. He likewise needed an all the more just government that was administered by the low class instead of the blue-bloods who had been in power for a long time. Numerous fights occurred close to his work environment in St. Petersburg, as it was a college town and loaded with youthful, optimistic personalities. Lenin effectively took an interest in numerous fights and increased a committed after. This didn't go unnoticed, the same number of times Lenin was captured for denouncing the tsar. These infractions were bested by his possible expulsion for activities against the tsar to western Siberia and afterward to Munich. For a large portion of his outcast he traversed Europe and talked at rallies and communist gatherings. Lenin came back to his country to help in the 1905 insurgency, where he was chosen for lead the nearby Socialist gathering. After the grisly fights, he continued his outcast until the following transformation in 1917. The more conspicuous 1917 upheaval was a defining moment since it turned into an announcement of war between the â€Å"Red† Bolshevik gathering and the â€Å"White† Menshevik party. Lenin’s assurance and administration prompted the revolutions’ achievement. His drive to oust the temporary government and start a socialist Russia is obvious in his numerous leaflets: â€Å"When the laborers and laboring workers grabbed hold of the forces of state it turned into our obligation to subdue the opposition of the misusing class† (A Letter to American Workingmen 6). His objective, through much passing and slaughter, was reached. In October 1917, Lenin and the Bolsheviks took power and turned into the true heads of Russia. This gigantic force move changed Russia and the world for the following century. Lenin buckled down for his area. He is said to have worked long days in sick wellbeing, and even accomplished work after the strokes that would in the long run kill him (Reed 5). Tragically, Lenin’s replacement was not all that altruistic. After Lenin’s demise in 1924 at 53 years old, Joseph Stalin took power and nearly choked it to death. Stalin was a merciless tyrant, executing around 60 million of his own kin; not in any case Hitler had that numerous murders added to his repertoire. Lenin, before his passing even predicted that savagery would be nevitable, â€Å"If it must where [congress] could venture to such an extreme as to utilize physical violence†¦ then one can envision the chaos we’ve got ourselves into† (Shuckman 202). Stalinism was a gross bastardization of Leninism and prompted Russia’s notoriety of being a ruthless, warmongering land. This was not the slightest bit Lenin’s issue; the most he did was delegate Stalin as his replacement and he was faithful to Lenin at that point. At last, however, Russia was a contender for the most impressive nation on the planet for over fifty years. Most remarkably, Lenin’s work prompted the long and tense Cold War and the spread of Communism over the globe. The USSR additionally attached numerous terrains and considered them their own. This prompted numerous contentions remembering the Chechen wars and the present war for Afghanistan. Numerous fear based oppressors in Afghanistan utilize soviet weapons from the Russian occupation, so the war in Afghanistan can halfway be credited to the previous Soviet Union. Socialism profoundly affected Russia and the world. In spite of the fact that many state it was the worst thing about the twentieth century, Communism was and still is a significant part of history and life. Lenin was genuinely the progenitor of present day Communism and without him, the compelling superpower that was the Soviet Union would not have been. His numerous works are presently standard perusing for understudies of political theory and it has discovered everlasting status in the numerous sculptures and urban areas in his respect. Despite the fact that numerous vote based systems despite everything dread the ramifications of communism, for example, United States Republicans calling President Obama a Socialist, a great part of the dread and xenophobia has died down. Lenin’s vision of an idealistic culture was rarely completely reached, be that as it may, the effect of his commitment to socialism can be felt all through the world just about a century after his demise.

Schools That Ask For SAT Subject Test Scores

Every year, the suggested recommendations and requirements around SAT subject tests tends to get more and more diverse. While some colleges find these tests as a helpful way to shortlist students, others are not always in agreement on the benefits of these exams. Many colleges do tend to be more flexible about these requirements, yet others require you to give this exam. Colleges Listed as â€Å"Required† Colleges under this list have subject test policies that make it mandatory for a large portion of students to submit scores of SAT Subject Tests. This usually means 2 subject tests in different subjects. Colleges Listed as â€Å"Recommended† These colleges range between those that find it useful for students to submit these scores from those who fall just a little short of thinking its â€Å"required†. For instance, Yale and Stanford. Colleges Listed as â€Å"Considered† These colleges tend to consider Subject Tests as optional â€Å"supplemental information†. Colleges Listed as â€Å"Alternative† This is a small but growing list where applicants are allowed to submit Subject Test scores in lieu of ACT or SAT scores. Here is a list of top Schools that ask for SAT subject test scores Brown University Here you are required to submit your SAT and 2 SAT Subject Tests or ACT with writing. If you are a Liberal Medical Education applicant, you will need to submit at least one science subject. Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon requires you to submit your SAT or ACT with writing scores along with 2 SAT subject tests for almost all program. The Subject requirements vary depending on the program. However, they all include Math (Level 1 or 2). The Fine Art courses, except Architecture, do not require any Subject Tests. Cornell University   Cornell requires the SAT or ACT (with writing for Class of 2016). Some of their colleges will also ask for 1 or 2 subject tests. Georgetown University Here you need to submit the SAT or ACT but they do not consider the essay from both tests. That said, they strongly recommend 3 subject tests and you are required to submit all college boards and ACT scores. Related articles #SAT College Board,#SAT Score #RefundAugustSAT | Have my SAT Scores Been Compromised? 0 1044 #SAT College Board New SAT 2018-2019 - Dates and Deadlines 0 9115 # Meet Our SAT Leaderboard Toppers! 0 2298 #SAT Score Average SAT Scores At 10 Top Universities   0 0 #SAT College Board Where to find answer explanations for SAT Blue Book? 0 5535 In addition to this, some of the other top schools that ask for SAT subject tests include – Harvard University, Haverford University, Northwestern University, Princeton, Stanford, University of California – Berkeley, among many others. It is ideal to go through each university website to understand the application requirements.    Get to know about Top Ten SAT Prep Books

Who Developed the Cure for the Polio Virus

Shortly before the turn of the 20th century, the first case of paralytic polio in the United States was reported in Vermont. And what had begun as a health scare would, over the next several decades, turn into a full-blown epidemic as the virus known as infantile paralysis spread among children across the country. In 1952, the height of the hysteria, there were as many as 58,000 new cases. A Summer of Fear It was undoubtedly a scary time back then. The summer months, normally a relaxing time for many youths, was considered polio season. Children were warned to stay away from swimming pools because they could easily catch the disease by going into infected waters. And in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was infected at age 39, helped create the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis in an effort to combat the disease. Jonas Salk, Father of the First Vaccine In the late 1940s, the foundation began sponsoring the work of a researcher at the University of Pittsburgh named Jonas Salk, whose biggest achievement to date was the development of a flu vaccine that used killed viruses. Normally, weakened versions were injected to cause the immune system to produce antibodies capable of recognizing and killing the virus. Salk was able to categorize the 125 strains of the virus under three basic types and wanted to see if the same approach would also work against the Polio virus. Up to this point, researchers weren’t making progress with live viruses. Dead viruses also offered the key advantage of being less dangerous since it wouldn’t lead to inoculated people accidentally getting the disease. The challenge, though, was to be able to manufacture enough of these dead viruses to mass produce the vaccines. Fortunately, a method for making dead viruses in large quantities was discovered just a few years earlier when a team of Harvard researchers figured out how to grow them inside animal-cell tissue cultures rather than having to inject a live host. The trick was using penicillin to prevent bacteria from contaminating the tissue. Salk’s technique involved infecting monkey kidney cell cultures and then killing the virus with formaldehyde. After successfully testing the vaccine in monkeys, he began trialing the vaccine in humans, which included himself, his wife and children. And in 1954, the vaccine was field tested in almost 2 million children under the age of ten in what was the largest public health experiment in history. The results reported a year later, showed that the vaccine was safe, potent and 90 percent effective in preventing children from contracting polio. There was one hiccup, however. Administration of the vaccine was momentarily shut down after 200 people were found to have gotten polio from the vaccine. The researchers were eventually able to trace the adverse effects to a defective batch made by one drug company and vaccination efforts resumed once revised production standards were established. Sabin vs. Salk: Rivals for a Cure By 1957, the cases of new polio infections had dwindled done to under 6,000. Yet despite the dramatic results some experts still felt that Salk’s vaccine was insufficient in fully inoculating people against the disease. One researcher in particular named Albert Sabin argued that only an attenuated live-virus vaccine would confer lifetime immunity. He had been working on developing such a vaccine around the same time and was figuring out a way for it to be taken orally. While the United States backed Salk’s research, Sabin was able to get support from the Soviet Union to conduct trials of an experimental vaccine that used a live strain on the Russian population. Like his rival, Sabin also tested the vaccine on himself and his family. Despite a slight risk of vaccinations resulting in Polio, it was proven to be effective and cheaper to manufacture than Salk’s version. The Sabin vaccine was  approved for use in the U.S. in 1961 and would later replace the Salk vaccine as the standard for preventing Polio. But even to this day, the two rivals never did settle the debate over who had the better vaccine. Salk always maintained that his vaccine was the safest and Sabin would not concede that injecting a killed virus can be as effective as conventional vaccines. In either case, both scientists played a crucial role in nearly eradicating what was once a devastating condition.

The Political Ideology That Best Represents My Views

The political ideology that best represents my views is liberalism. Liberalism is an ideology that emphasizes, â€Å"cultural diversity, government programs for the needy, public intervention in the economy, and individuals’ rights to a lifestyle based on their own social and moral positions† (Morone Kersh, 2014, p. 37). In other words, liberalism promotes government assistance for individuals in need as well as protect every individual’s rights. One aspect of my life that has shaped my political views is my religious background. I grew up in a Baptist family, and used to go to church regularly. As I got older, I started going to church less and less because the things my pastor said made me feel very uncomfortable. At the time, I did not understand why I felt so uncomfortable and it was not until I got older that I realized why I felt the way I did. Majority of the time, my pastor said things that had sexist and homophobic undertones. Despite being in a holy place, I spent the duration of my time as a member of the church feeling disconnected from everything, which eventually led to me breaking ties with the church completely. My family’s financial background also helped in shaping my views. When I was younger, my family received financial assistance from the government in the form of CHIPs and food stamps. I was too young to remember how food stamps benefited my family, but I do remember the many ways in which CHIPs helped us out. For example, I grew up having terribleShow MoreRelatedDemocracy Requires Participation Essay1021 Words   |  5 Pagesyears. In many presidential elections, numerous Americans have found themselves compromising their views and voting not for the candidate with whom they resonate best, but rather for the candidate who they dislike the least. This compromise that is forced upon the electorate is a result of the two-party system on which we rely for voting simplicity. Additionally, many voters are discouraged that their views are not represented by their elected government officials, and consequently, that they have noRead MoreThe s Theory Of Pan Africanism1347 Words   |à ‚  6 PagesThe oppression of Africans has been a prevalent source of pain and suffering since the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Political and economic systems have been designed to implement disenfranchisement for people of color on all societal platforms. Throughout the course of the black experience, many prominent individuals held arguments and intellectual conversations regarding the socioeconomic characteristics of African-Americans. The most controversial, prolific intellectual figure who harnessed aRead MoreConservative or Liberal: My Choice1065 Words   |  5 PagesConservative or Liberal: My Choice Angela J Flemister Liberty University Conservative or Liberal: My Choice A political ideology is a closely linked set of beliefs about politics. 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Our world is more connected than ever, and not just from an economic point of view, but from social, political, technological, and cultural as well. Globalization can be defined, analysed, tackled many ways, but this essay seeks to briefly define globalization, introduce the convergence - diversity debate, and examine the different types of organizational strategic perspectives in ChinaRead MoreWhy Canada Should Take A Substa ntive Approach For Women s Representation Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagestheir voices to be heard. Each woman holds a different view, just like men do. Each gender and person will bring their own view forth and allow for a diverse House. The issue is that women are not getting adequate representation, and therefore are not being able to represent their views. Men have a much larger congregation than women, therefore overpowering the views/ideologies of them. 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Chad Vonder Haar Irresponsibility is a problem with todays youth Essay Example For Students

Chad Vonder Haar: Irresponsibility is a problem with todays youth Essay Irresponsibility is a problem with todays youth. Many young men and women believe that when they turn eighteen they automatically become adults. These beliefs show how immature some adolescents are. Adulthood encompasses a great deal of independence, responsibility, and reliability. An adult is independent only if that person can live without his or her parents financial assistance. Many young adults believe that age eighteen is the appropriate age to announce their independence; but it is these same, immature youths that cannot afford to pay any bills because they attend school. Statistics show that teenagers have the majority of the wrecks in proportion to the percentage of the population they represent. Because these adolescents do not need to pay bills, they fail to realize just how much damage a vehicle can create. It is this lack of responsibility that alone can produce havoc in the lives of many people. Normal household chores like washing dishes or doing laundry can usually be used as a scale to show if a teenager is ready for an independent lifestyle. If a youth is incapable of performing typical household jobs, then he or she will not have a happy marriage or a good relationship with roommates. Work is very important to many people. One persons salary can provide food, fun, and entertainment for an entire family. The only way to enjoy life is to enjoy work, but many teenagers work in environments that provide minimal advancement and are on the bottom of the pay scale. These jobs do not provide enough money for a person to become self-sufficient. In order to demand more privileges or complete independence, one must have a job that pays well even if that person lives on a very tight budget. Without sufficient funds, one cannot be reliable. Whether reliability includes being somewhere on time or paying a bill, an adult cannot be late on a regular basis and expect respect from others. Life without parental supervision can have many benefits, but any teenager looking down the road for life to pick them up will soon be passed by. Respect is earned, and an adult should have respect for himself or herself as well as others. Adulthood includes a great deal of independence, responsibility, and reliability.

Who Were the Real Savages free essay sample

Mary Rowland and Benjamin Franklins Remarks Concerning the Savages of North-America, I explore two very different perspectives of Native Americans. Mary Railroadings account of her captivity by the Native Americans drew many references to the Bible. It is this unwavering Christian faith that maintained her hope during her confinement. The irony lies in the fact that despite her Christian faith that preaches kindness and goodness, Rowland portrays a predominately negative outlook towards the Native Americans. Although the Natives never harmed her during her captivity, Rowland calls them black creatures. The use of the color lack alludes to demonic references, which is a recurring theme when referring to the Natives. When they dance and sing she not only chooses to see the evil in the Natives but also her surroundings as she said they made the place a lively resemblance of hell. This shows her condemnatory character and Ideology as she judges those that are different from her. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Were the Real Savages? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her Puritan way of life enforces a strict belief system that has lead to her ignorance of the Natives.These sub-human descriptions continue when she describes the natives as ravenous beasts and merciless enemies. However, she contradicts herself In the following passage: l have been in the midst of those roaring lions, and savage bears, that feared neither God, nor the devil, by night and day, alone and in company, sleeping all sorts together, and yet not one of them ever offered me the least abuse of unchristian to me, In word or action. Whilst comparing the Natives to vicious, wild animals she mentions that none of them ever hurt her emotionally or physically.Yet, she refuses to acknowledge this any further and even goes as far as to say, instead of turning His hand against them, he Lord feeds and nourish them up to be a scourge to the whole land. We observe here that Rowland has been so blinded by her faith that she fails to understand the other side of the story in which the Natives are defending their land. This is akin to her selfishly viewing the situation through tunnel vision where she desperately tries to maintain unwavering faith yet does not gain knowledge through viewing the situation as a whole.When Rowland returns home, she does not shown any signs of enlightenment 1 OFF so much hemmed in with the merciless and cruel Heathen, but now as much with dutiful, tenderhearted, and compassionate Christians. In the poor and distressed and beggarly condition I was received in. Her ideology does not change and s he leaves the ordeal with as much ignorance as she began with. Her reference to her friends and family as Christians as opposed to a more personal description reinforces the fact that her Puritan mindset has not changed.The Natives, did demonstrate impolite behavior by laughing when Rowland and her child fell off the horse. However, in Benjamin Franklins Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America e states: Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different nations with Impartiality, we should find no People so rude, as to be without any Rules of Politeness; nor any so polite, as not to have some remains of Rudeness. Benjamin Franklin believed in self-sufficiency as opposed to living his life to fulfill a Christian destiny.In his remarks he aims to humanism the Natives and eliminate all prejudices and stereotypes of these people to those that see them as the enemy. As opposed to Rowland who referred to the Natives as savages and heathens, Franklin tried o bridge the gap between two very different cultures by stating that they were all o f one blood. He states Savages we call them, because their manners differ from ours, which we think the perfection of civility; they think the same of theirs. Franklin questions the derogatory view of the Natives and presses that although our culture is the epitome of perfection to us, the Natives rightly believe their culture is Just as superior. While Mary Rowland alluded to demonic references in regards to the Indians, Franklin conversely emphasized the Natives social politeness by drawing imprisons between a conversation between Indians and a conversation in the British House of Commons. He states, interrupting another, even in common conversation, is reckoned highly indecent. According to Franklin, in English society we listen impatiently to the extent that we will cut off someone that is talking mid- sentence. In the house of Commons, the speaker will grow hoarse in calling to order due to the commotion of people. Franklin claims that Native hospitality supersedes that of the English, especially in regards to strangers. The Natives will hollow to let heir presence be known before they are invited in to the village, as they do not be lieve that they should enter territory unannounced. On the contrary, the English have no problems entering a territory uninvited. Franklin said Our people (English) are apt to crowd round them, gaze upon them This they esteem great rudeness. By this he means that when there is a stranger, the English rudely stare at them while the Natives think this is disrespectful and choose to hide in the bushes to watch a new stranger in town. They also have what is called a Stranger House in which the transgress were clothed, fed, and were even supplied with luxuries such as tobacco and pipes. An example of this is in the following passage: If a white man, in traveling thro our Country, enters one of our Cabins, we all treat him as I treat you; we dry him if he is wet, we warm him if he is cold, and give him Meat Drink that he may allay his Thirst and Hunger, we spread soft Furs for him to rest sleep on: We demand nothing in return. But if I go into a White mans House at Albany, and ask for Victuals and Drink, they say, Where is your Money? ND if I have disrespectful than anything Rowland had ever experienced.According to Rowland herself, the Indians did not physically or emotionally harm her and yet the English in Franklins remarks call the Indians derogatory names. After reading both Rowland and Franklins account of the Native Americans we gain two extremely different perspectives. We are forced to question, who were the real savages? While Rowland depicted such a brutal and demonic idea of the Natives she gained the least amount of knowledge from the experience and h er only form of enlightenment lay in the fact that she was able to sustain her faith.

Definition and Examples of Hasty Generalizations

Definition and Examples of Hasty Generalizations A hasty generalization is a  fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence. Its also called an  insufficient sample, a converse accident, a faulty generalization, a biased generalization, jumping to a conclusion,  secundum quid, and a  neglect of qualifications. Author Robert B. Parker illustrates the concept via an excerpt from his novel Sixkill: It was a rainy day in Harvard Square, so the foot traffic through the atrium from Mass Ave to Mount Auburn Street was heavier than it might have been if the sun were out. A lot of people were carrying umbrellas, which most of them furled inside. I had always thought that Cambridge, in the vicinity of Harvard, might have had the most umbrellas per capita of any place in the world. People used them when it snowed. In my childhood, in Laramie, Wyoming, we used to think people who carried umbrellas were sissies. It was almost certainly a  hasty generalization, but I had never encountered a hard  argument  against it. (Sixkill. Putnam, 2011) A Too-Small Sample Size By definition, an  argument  based on a hasty generalization always proceeds from the particular to the general. It takes a small sample and tries to extrapolate an idea about that sample and apply it to a larger population, and it doesnt work.  T. Edward Damer explains: It is not uncommon for an arguer to draw a conclusion or generalization based on only a few instances of a phenomenon. In fact, a generalization is often drawn from a single piece of supporting data, an act that might be described as committing  the fallacy of the lonely fact....Some areas of inquiry have quite sophisticated guidelines for determining the sufficiency of a sample, such as in voter preference samples or television viewing samples. In many areas, however, there are no such guidelines to assist us in determining what would be sufficient grounds for the truth of a particular conclusion. (Attacking Faulty Reasoning, 4th ed. Wadsworth, 2001) Generalizations as a whole, hasty or not, are problematic at best, anyway, though a large sample size wont always get you off the hook. The sample that one wants to generalize needs to be representative of the population as a whole, and it should be random. For  example, the polls  prior to the 2016  presidential election missed segments of the population who would come out to vote for Donald Trump and thus underestimated his supporters and their potential impact on the election. Polls knew the race would be close, but by not having a representative sample to generalize the outcome, the polls got it wrong.   Ethical Ramifications Stereotypes come about from trying to make generalizations about people or groups of them. Doing it is at best a minefield and at worst, has ethical considerations. Julia T. Wood explains: A hasty generalization is a broad claim based on too-limited evidence. It is unethical to assert a broad claim when you have only anecdotal or isolated evidence or instances. Consider two examples of hasty generalizations based on inadequate data:- Three congressional representatives have had affairs. Therefore, members of Congress are adulterers.- An environmental group illegally blocked loggers and workers at a nuclear plant. Therefore, environmentalists are radicals who take the law into their own hands.In each case, the conclusion is based on limited evidence. In each case the conclusion is hasty and fallacious. (Communication in Our Lives, 6th ed. Wadsworth, 2012) Critical Thinking Is Key Overall, to avoid making, spreading, or believing hasty generalizations, take a step back, analyze the opinion, and consider the source. If a statement comes from a biased source, then the point of view behind it needs to highlight your understanding of the stated opinion, as it gives it context. Look for evidence, both supporting and opposing a statement, to find the truth, because, as the adage says, there are two sides to every story, and the truth often lies somewhere in the middle.

Evaluate the current applications of nanotechnology in medicine Essay - 2

Evaluate the current applications of nanotechnology in medicine. Discuss the potential future of nanomedicine based on current issues - Essay Example Nanotechnology is hence an important innovation in medicine and is essential since it has solutions to the technology demanding medicine field. Nanotechnology has been successfully launched in medicine although it holds much potential in the future that what has already been implemented. Delivering of medicines and drugs has been made possible using the technology whereby the nanoequipments are used and they have zero degree of harming the other parts of the body (Bhushan, 2004, p.3). In the fight against cancer, nanoparticles have been found very effective since it is easy to detect the cancerous cells and put anti-cancer gold nanoparticles in them. The Nano shells are very effective in fighting cancer since they have the ability to absorb radiations of high wavelength (Ferrari, 2005, p.366). The Nano shells are inserted into the tumor cells and radiation treatment is applied and they absorb the radiations and heat up killing the cancerous cells (Ferrari, 2005, p.392). This success story of nanotechnology has given heat to other ongoing researches on the utilization of the technology in medicine. In surgery, nanotechnology has been used although a lot is yet to come. Small surgical instruments are been used to perform microsurgeries in any body part without damaging the surrounding cells (Bhushan,2004, p.3). It has an advantage over normal surgical methods since it is precise an accurate and has improved visualization due to Nano cameras in the Nano instruments. Such technology has been used only in a few hospitals all over the world and has proved very accurate and can even be done to tissue and gene levels Nanotechnology has been applied in antimicrobial coatings to dress wounds so that further infection is reduced by formation of biofilms on the wound. This technology has helped fast healing of wounds from accidents or from surgical procedures (Cleaveland, 2007). Medical

The war on terror has contributed to the growing abuse of human rights Essay

The war on terror has contributed to the growing abuse of human rights - Essay Example While the War on Terror has been a global one, in one way or another, the heart of the military battle has been fought in the Middle East, specifically Afghanistan and Iraq, where the death toll of non-combatants- of humans beings and their rights- continues to rise, almost a decade later. It is the position of the author that this paper’s title is incontrovertibly true. By distilling this issue into its simplest details, and comparing it to the procedures of a common self-defence case, it will be demonstrated that the War on Terror has not only contributed to the abuse of human rights, but is in fact, an attack on human rights. The basic central argument to go to war to protect human rights or liberty or security is perhaps not necessarily a flawed one. The first premise is that one’s liberty or security is threatened, which, in the light of 9-11, say, it would seem that this is true. Liberty and safety does seem to be in jeopardy, even at the best of times, from, amon g other things, terrorists. The second premise for the argument proposing war/violence to defeat terrorism is that something can -and should- be done about the problem. This too, all but the most cynical would agree to be true. The dissolution of Apartheid in South Africa is a prime example of the truth of the second premise. Further damage to human rights was stopped in this case without revolutionary war or violence of any kind. The argument that the progenitors of the War on Terrorism propose goes as follows: there is a threat to human rights because of terrorist groups who are attacking innocent people (premise 1), and so something can and must be done to solve the problem (premise 2), and finally, the best possible course of action is to react with violence in turn. Basically, if you are under attack, you should attack in return so as to end the assault, to survive. Self-defence is its own perfectly sound argument. However, when the defender of himself (or human rights) goes be yond self-protection and inflicts more harm than is necessary, he in turn becomes an assailant, a threat to human rights (Allan, Foster and Tredoux 374) In a court of law, self-defence becomes assault when the ‘defendant’s’ actions are not justified for the situation or level of threat, and/or when their act of self-defence invokes collateral harm. Now that one can consider the War on Terror as a kind of self-defence case, what would the jury of this case conclude about the way the defenders of human rights have gone about their defence? Events like 9-11 are despicable acts of violence, of terrorism, against civilians, against human rights. It is a problem that ought to be solved. Any nation or group of nations would be perfectly entitled to defend themselves against such terrorism. But, who are the defenders of the human rights victims of events like 9-11 supposed to return violence to? Who exactly is their assailant? It is not a sovereign country. It is not eve n a military platoon or contingent- not exactly anyway. Who should the assailed people of terrorism exact their justifiable violence on, so as to protect themselves? The answer that is proposed by pioneers of the War on Terrorism is brazen and presumptuous, at best. At worst, it is in turn, an act of terror, an attack on human rights. This is true because, euphemisms aside, the War on Terror has been, for all practical purposes just like any other war, which always involves invasions, civilian casualties, infrastructure damage

Relationship Between Trade And World Output Essay

Relationship Between Trade And World Output - Essay Example In the similar vein when countries export their surplus goods to the nations who need them in exchange of money or other goods, it helps them both to boost their production level. Therefore, increase in international trade underscores the growth of world output. Despite the fact that international trade and world output are so very closely related to each other, there has observably been greater increase in international trade than the world output (Motley, 2005). Grimwade (2000, p36) clarifies that, "a major consequence of the fact that trade has grown faster than output has been that economies have become more open and economically more interdependent". As a consequence of such rapid growth in international trade, countries have become more and more reliant on other countries for the fulfilment of their needs for products and services. Hence, international trade is growing at a much faster pace than that of the output. The pattern of international trade simply refers to how countries are involved in trading with each other and how this constitutes a share in the world trade (Motley, 2005). The broad pattern of international trade reflects the share of developed and underdeveloped countries in the world output as well as contribution of each country towards the growth of world trade. This pattern changes with respect to individual countries as the world trade grows, however, in the broader perspective the international trade pattern demonstrates a consistent trend. Grimwade (2000, p20) says that, "over two-thirds of world trade is accounted for by the developed countries, a share that has been broadly stable over the past thirty years". More of the world's trade is carried out between developed countries than the underdeveloped ones due to the reason that these countries tend to produce surplus goods that could be exported to others. It is also a fact that domestic industries of developed countries are stronger than that of the underdeveloped countries, which leads them to adopt free trade policy. This pattern of trade also depends upon a country's policy towards open and restricted trade. As more developed countries are proponents of free trade, the contribution of these countries in the world trade happens to be greater than the underdeveloped countries that tend to be protectionist with regard to trade. Restricted trade policies in the form of various trade barriers and quotas, as well as trade promotion policy, in the form of incentives and grants on particular commodities tend to greatly influence a country's international trade pattern. Consequences Of Ceasing International Trade As a result of increasing international trade, countries are becoming reliant on each other for the provision of necessary goods and services. Hence, the very idea of ceasing international trade activities will seem horrifying to many countries. Grimwade (2000, p25) illuminates that, "the much faster expansion of trade relative to output has also meant that those countries that have shared in the process, have become increasingly interdependent". Countries today, heavily depend upon each other for the fulfilment of their needs by means of foreign trade. Not only the developed countries rely on imports and exports, but the underdeveloped

Illusion Verses Reality in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay

Illusion Verses Reality in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Death of A Salesman," by Arthur Miller, is a play that tells the story of a traveling salesman, Willy Loman, who encounters frustration and failure as he reflects on and experiences his own life. Willy's quest for the American Dream leads to his failure because throughout his life, he pursues the illusion of the American Dream and not the reality of it. His mindset on perfection, his obsession with success, and his constant reminiscence of the past and foretelling of the future, all contribute to his defeat in the end. The reality of the American Dream is that people are capable of succeeding. Success, though, requires one to work hard and be dedicated to both his/her professional life and family life. Yet, the illusion of the Dream is that attaining material prosperity defines success. Failing to acknowledge the importance of hard work in achieving the American Dream is another aspect of the illusion. By ignoring the present, Willy fails to deal with reality. He has a tendency of living in the past and thinking of the future. He always thinks that if he had done something differently then this could have happened, or things will get better as time passes. His habit of distorting the past, never allows Willy to realize what is going on right then and there in the present. At one time, when Willy goes off down memory lane, he "says" to Biff and Happy, "America is full of beautiful towns and fine, upstanding people. And they know me, boys?the finest people?there?ll be open sesame for all of us, ?cause one thing boys: I have friends. I can park my car in any street?and the cops protect it like their own" (31). Willy makes this distortion of the pa... ...ind. Willy Loman portrays a "common man", who lives a life that is purely an illusion. Although Willy has good intentions, his tragic flaw is that he focuses only on the appearance of the American Dream and never on the reality, the work ethic, or how to achieve it. Willy brings about his own downfall, his defeat, because he tries to pursue this "superficial" idea. Miller includes this theme of the American Dream in his social criticism in an attempt to portray the deviation in the values of society. For instance, materialism and technological advances, causes the American Dream to change as times changes. The salesman is a position that has declining importance at the time. He shows that an individual?s values are based on what society has established. Yet, as society changes, the values one has may not, causing conflict between the society and the individual.

Reearch Paper

Recrystallization Estopace, Edgie1, Polintan, Clarisse K. Professor Edgie Estopace, School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Mapua Institute of Technology; Clarisse Polintan, CHM145L/A21, School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Mapua Institute of Technology ABSTRACT This experiment is all about identifying the appropriate solvent for recrystallization and technique and to use the recrystallization technique in purifying a solid sample. Most organic substances are impure and require techniques in order to purify a sample. One of these techniques to make an impure sample pure is by recrystallization.This experiment includes the determination of a good solvent for recrystallization for compounds such as: acetanilide, acetamide, aspirin, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose, for solvents such as: water, ethanol, benzene, and ethyl acetate. Also pure acetanilide is achieved. here are five major steps in the recrystallization process: dissolving t he solute in the solvent, performing a gravity filtration, if necessary, obtaining crystals of the solute, collecting the solute crystals by vacuum filtration, and, finally, drying the resulting crystals giving us the pure sample of the compound.The best solvent used for each of the compounds listed and the percentage recovery of the crude acetanilide. The physical properties of the compound were also determined. INTRODUCTION Differential solubility is defined as the differences in the amount of solid that can be dissolved in an appropriate solvent as affected by variations in temperature. Solubility is inversely proportional to its temperature, since most solids have solubilities that are lower in liquid solvents at low temperatures. Feature Article Relative Rates:Â  Free-Radical BrominationDifferences in solubilities are sometimes used in the process of obtaining pure compounds by dissolving the solid in hot solvent and allow the undissolved impurities to be filtered off. The filtrate would then be cooled down and recrystallized as a purer compound. There should be differences in the solubilities of the solid and the impurities in order for the recrystallization to be effective. Recrystallization only works when the proper solvent is being used.The appropriate recrystallization solvent should: dissolve the entire compound at high temperature, dissolver very little or none of the compound at low temperature, have different solubilities for the compound and the impurities, have a boiling point below the melting point of the compound, have relatively low boiling point, be inert with respect to the compound, and be relatively inexpensive. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first part of the experiment required the students figure out which solvent is appropriate for recrystallization technique. Approximately 0. 10 grams of acetamide was weighed and placed inside a test tube.The acetamide was then dissolved in two millilitres of cold water. The solubility behaviour was then observed. If the acetamide did not dissolve, the mixture was then boiled and it’s solubility behaviour was again observed. These steps were then repeated but with cold ethanol, benzene, and ethyl acetate as the solvent instead of water. The above procedures were repeated, however, the students used different solutes this time for observation. The compounds used next were acetanilide, aspirin, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose, followed by the recording of data.The second part of the experiment tackled the recrystallization process using impure acetanilide and water as a solvent to obtain a pure sample of acetanilide. This part used the Hot Gravity Filtration Set-up first, followed by the Vacuum Filtration Set-up. The Hot Gravity Filtration Set-up included the following apparatuses: a stemless funnel, a fluted ashless filter paper, an Erlenmeyer flask, a hot water bath, and a hot plate. The Vacuum Filtration Set-up included water suction, rubber tubing, a 500ml Erlenmeyer flask, a rubber stopper and a porcelain Buchner funnel.Other apparatuses used include the Thomas-Hoover Melting Apparatus, micro test tubes, a test tube rack, capillary tubes, a beaker, and an oven. First, approximately 100 mL of water was heated and approximately 3. 50 grams of crude acetanilide was weighed. The impure acetanilide was then dissolved in 30 mL of water using 150-ml beaker. The mixture was slightly boiled using a hot plate. When the mixture started to boil, 2-ml portions of the previously heated water was added until the white solid had dissolved. A temperature of 90 C was maintained. The total volume of the water used was then recorded.A small amount of activated carbon was then added. Using the hot gravity filtrati on set up, the solution was poured into the fluted filter paper that was in the stemless glass funnel. The filtrate should then be colourless, if not more activated carbon was added and the filtration process was repeated. The flask was then removed from the hot plate and the residue was discarded. FIGURE 1. Hot Gravity Filtration Setup FIGURE 2. Fluted Filter paper The colorless filtrate was then cooled down to room temperature, placed in an ice bath, and was stirred continuously until crystallization was complete.This took about ton to fifteen minutes. When the crystallization was complete, the solution was vacuum filtered and then the crystals were washed in 2 mL of cold water. The crystals were then dried and weighed. The percentage recovery was then computed for and the melting point of the purifying crystals was determined using the Thomas Hoover Melting Apparatus. FIGURE 3. Vacuum Filtration Setup RESULTS Table I. Choice of Solvent (S=Soluble , I=Insoluble) Compound| Water| E thanol| Benzene| Ethyl Acetate| | Cold| Hot| Cold| Hot| Cold| Hot| Cold| Hot| Acetamide| S| S| S| S| I| S| S| S| Acetanilide| I| S| S| S| I| S| S| S|Aspirin| I| S| S| S| I| S| S| S| Benzoic Acid| I| S| S| S| S| S| S| S| Naphthalene| I| S| I| S| S| S| S| S| Sucrose| S| S| I| S| I| I| S| S| Compound| Solvent Appropriate for Recrystallization| Acetamide| Benzene| Acetanilide| Water| Aspirin| Benzene| Benzoic Acid| Water| Naphthalene| Water| Sucrose| Ethanol| Table 1. 1 Table 1. 2 Table 2. Recrystallization of Impure Acetanilide Weight of crude acetanilide in grams| 3. 53 g| Weight of the filter paper in grams| 1. 23 g| Weight of the pure acetanilide in grams| 0. 79 g| Volume of water used in mL| 62 mL| Melting Point of pure acetanilide in | 130-190 |Percentage Recovery| 29. 63 %| Step| Observation| Boiling of crude acetanilide| It boiled slowly and the boiling started at 90 C. White substance boiled as water was added; black substance remained | Addition of activated carbon| Impurities in water were absorbed. | Hot Gravity Filtration| Black substance was left on the filter paper and the white liquid went down and was separated from the black substance. | Cooling in an ice bath| Dissolved acetanilide formed white crystals. | Vacuum Filtration| The acetanilide was filtrated and what was left on the filter was the crystals. DISCUSSION In the experiment, all six of the seven criteria were vividly exhibited. The fist criterion states that the solvent should dissolve all of the compounds at high temperature. The second criterion is that the solvent should dissolve very little, or none of the compound at low temperatures. The third criterion is that the solvent should have different solubility with the impurities and the compound. The fourth and fifth criterion states that the solvent should have a low boiling point and that it should be lower than the melting point of the compound.The last criterion acquired from the experiment is that the solvent should be inert. In t he first part of the experiment, we determined the most appropriate solvent for recrystallization of the compounds by checking whether the compound is insoluble in a cold solvent, and soluble when dipped in hot water bath. The results in Table 1. 2 are based on the data of Tables 1. 1, we chose such solvents because the compounds did not dissolve in the solvent at a low temperature, and it did at high temperature.Using an appropriate solvent for recrystallization is necessary because it can save you time, money and other materials. Time because you are already sure that the solvent would be safe to use in dissolving the compound at certain temperatures, you wouldn’t need to experiment anymore. For the second part of the experiment, the recrystallization of impure acetanilide, we were conducted to separate the impurities of the acetanilide by using the recrystallization process and by using water as the agent or the solvent for recrystallization.During recrystallization, minim um amount of solvent is used to dissolve the solute. This is important because if the amount of solvent exceeded the volume needed to dissolve the solute, recrystallization would not be possible anymore. A fluted filter paper was used in the hot filtration set up because it has a larger surface area to catch the solid impurities, making it easier and more effective to separate the residues from the filtrate in the process.A stemless funnel was used during the hot filtration set up because unlike a regular funnel, the stem where the filtrate would pass could recrystallize the solid immediately within its stem. If the funnel were stemless the filtrate would go straight down to the flask without crystalizing and compounds. The solution was not placed in an ice cold bath immediately after the hot filtration because the flask might have broke due to a drop in temperature. Vacuum filtration is used during the cold filtration step because it is asier to filter out the crystalized solid fro m the liquid since cold temperatures would already recrystallize the solid compounds. The cold crystals are washed with water to remove any impurities that are in the crystals. The main function of the activated carbon was to absorb any impurities in the water without reacting with it. Cooling the filtrate on an ice bath makes the recrystallization process faster because of the relatively low temperature. Based on the results on table 2, the percentage recovery was 29. 3%, which seems fairly low since 70. 37% of the crude acetanilide is impurities. Human error might have caused it to be that low and maybe some crystals might have been left in the apparatus such as flasks. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This experiment proves that the characteristics of choosing an ideal solvent for recrystallization are reliable and important. In the first part of the experiment, which had an objective of identifying the appropriate solvent for the recrystallization technique was achieved.The secon d objective, which was to use the recrystallization technique in purifying a solid sample, was also achieved. I would like to recommend that future researchers experiment on other solutes and solvents, preferably common ones in order to determine which solvents are most appropriate for recrystallization. An understanding of these compounds can be better obtained. REFERENCES 1. Baluyut, J. Y. G. , and De Castro, K. A. , Organic Chemistry Laboratory Manual For Chemistry Students Part1. 2. Klein, D. , (2011) Organic Chemistry, 1st Ed. , Cold United States of America

I Want to Major in Computer Science - 665 Words

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Elementary And Secondary Education Act Of 2001 - 1735 Words

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Obesity as a Social Issue Through the Advancement of...

The prevailing conception of obesity is one that holds the individual, and by extent their personal experiences and actions, accountable for their current state. However, this perspective is full of ideology and cultural beliefs, thus, we fail to recognise obesity as a social construct. Alterations in personal milieu can be said to be a product of cultural transformation and the entwinement of institutions. Therefore, to distinguish obesity as a social issue rather than a personal trouble, it is important to identify cultural trends, and the political and economic institutions that transcend the individual. Australia, being a well-developed country, has been subjected to the productive and destructive outcomes of globalisation and†¦show more content†¦Patterson and Johnston (2012) describe the political-economic attitude to food production as an all-consuming quest for corporate control and surplus maximisation (Patterson, 2012). 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Romeo and Juliet Act 2 Scene 2 Analysis Free Essays

Romeo replies to Juliet’s speech by agreeing to disown his name â€Å"Henceforth, I never will be Romeo†. Shakespeare implies the danger that the lovers are in when Juliet points out â€Å"the place death, considering who thou art†. This creates tension for the audience, and demonstrates Juliet’s concern for Romeo’s safety – â€Å"If they do see thee, they will murder thee. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Act 2 Scene 2 Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Romeo speaks metaphorically when he says â€Å"With love’s light wings did I o’erperch these walls†, suggesting there is no boundary to his love. Romeo claims to find the idea of his death preferable to a life without the love of Juliet, â€Å"My life were better ended by their hate than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. † Juliet admits to be blushing â€Å"the mask of night is on my face, else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek† and asks, â€Å"Dost thou love me? † She goes on to express concern that she may have been too forward in her soliloquy asking him to forgive her for her foolishness â€Å"Therefore pardon me, and not impute this yielding to light love†. Romeo declares his love by â€Å"yonder blessed moon† using celestial references. Juliet responds by refusing to allow Romeo to swear by something so changeable â€Å"O swear not by the moon, th’ inconstant moon†. She fears that it is the way their love will be â€Å"Lest that thy love prove likewise variable†. Juliet encourages him to be genuine and to use a less traditional, more spiritual concept of love, reinforcing the idea that she is taking the relationship seriously. Juliet then tries to say goodnight â€Å"Sweet, good night. This bud of love, by summer’s ripening breath, may prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. † She then uses a rhyming couplet, â€Å"as sweet repose and rest come to thy heart as that within my breast. † Romeo expresses his wish to prolong their time together â€Å"O, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied? † but they part as Juliet’s nurse calls her and they agree to meet again. â€Å"Stay but a little. I will come again† as they make a commitment to each other. Juliet, going against stereotype, suggests that they should marry, â€Å"If that thy bent of love be honorable, thy purpose marriage, send me word tomorrow†. This is very bold and, rather than taking her time as she suggests earlier in the scene, this is because she has realized Romeo has matured and is taking their relationship seriously. Juliet’s promise to Romeo to â€Å"follow thee, my lord, throughout the world† is full of dramatic irony and foreshadows the final scene of the play, when Juliet follows Romeo into death. The nurse calls for Juliet again who uses hyperbole â€Å"A thousand times good night! † which indicates that neither wants to leave and reinforces the message that their meeting must reach a conclusion for now. Juliet says, â€Å"Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud†. This is referring to the fact that the lovers must keep their love quiet and away from the family feud. Later, Juliet uses further hyperbole â€Å"’Tis twenty years till then† implying that it will seem a lifetime until they next meet. At the end of the scene, Juliet says one of her most famous lines â€Å"Parting is such sweet sorrow†. This is a very well known oxymoron and demonstrates that she cannot bear to leave Romeo. The scene ends on several rhyming couplets. In conclusion, this scene demonstrates Romeo and Juliet’s attraction to each other and their desire never to be parted. I feel it is very moving, and poetic albeit surreal that a maiden could be so frank in those times and that a couple could achieve such a depth of love in such a short space of time particularly against such a divide. It also sets the scene for the final tragic sequence ahead. How to cite Romeo and Juliet Act 2 Scene 2 Analysis, Essay examples

Symbol Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Symbol Essay, Research Paper # 65279 ; Human existences exist and interact in a world which they define themselves. Inside of this world they make usage of societal objects, that is, anything used between to histrions in societal state of affairss that have significance and map in that societal environment ( Charon 46 ) . Many societal objects are used to stand for something else and are interpreted to convey more significance. These societal objects are known as symbols and it is the nucleus of the symbolic interactionist position. Simply defined, a symbol is something that stands for something else. In Sociology, a symbol is classified as a societal object that the members of a society have agreed represents a construct, an object, or an ideal that is non present. They are used to pass on, express purposes, represent objects and groups and specify the world that surrounds us ( Charon 46-48 ) . They can be separated into the classs of referential, expressive, and assorted symbols which can be interrupted as both of the old mentioned types. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbol Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Referential symbols are used to specify and sort parts of world. They can be used to represent an object in its absence. The word pencil is instantly interpreted a shaft of wood with a black lead nucleus used for composing or a mechanical device with the same intent. Now while the pencil itself is merely a societal object with a simple map, the word pencil acts as a symbol in that it represents the physical object. On a larger scale referential symbols are used to stand for full groups. A ruddy star can be used to stand for a political party or doctrine ( Charon 50 ) . Referential symbols can besides be used to sort groups such as gender. Diana Kendall gives the illustration of dressing babies in certain colorss, blue and ruddy for males and pink and yellow for females, to convey instantly pass on the sex of the kid ( Kendall 70 ) . These symbols are used as labels and divisions in society. Expressive symbols are used to pass on and raise responses. They are used substitut Es and looks of emotions. A good illustration of this is simple organic structure linguistic communication, gestures are a symbolic signifier of communicating ( Kendal 50 ) . Looking into person s eyes as he or she speaks is a symbol of your purpose to listen and that you have involvement in what the individual has to state, merely as looking at a ticker or a clock while the individual is talking conveys boredom or disinterest ( Charon 50 ) . If a one state or group of states topographic points a trade trade stoppage onto another, it is symbolic of their disapproval of that state s actions, if a state boycotts the Olympic games it communicates its dissatisfaction with some or all of the other states involved. Symbols such as these represent and communicate purposes and emotions. The 3rd categorization rests mostly on reading. Assorted symbols arise from that fact that some symbols can both stand for something and convey emotion. For illustration a flag can stand for a state every bit good as nationalism ( Kendall 70 ) . The old illustration of utilizing the coloring material of an infant s vesture can besides be used to show a message as to how the kid should be treated, as Kendal puts it a pink frock on a girl conveys I m a miss. Say that I am reasonably, non that I m fine-looking ( Kendal 70 ) . The symbol is an of import, if non cardinal, construct to the symbolic interactionist position because it is how we communicate and interact, how we define our really nature. We do non passively react to our world but create and animate it with the usage of symbols in our societal life, they are our world and are cardinal to what makes us human ( Charon 69 ) . Symbols are the footing of our communicating within our ain societal groups and with others. It is through our apprehension of how we use them that we understand ourselves. Plants Cited Charon, Joel M. Symbolic Interactionism ; An Introduction, An Interpretation, An Integration. 6th erectile dysfunction. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,1998. Kendall, Diana Elizabeth. Sociology in our times. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson, 2000

Confucianism as a Philosophical System Essay Example

Confucianism as a Philosophical System Essay Confucianism is a philosophical system that was developed by Confucius. It mainly focuses on humanism i. e. treating others well. This can be described by Confucian idea Ren which means showing humanity by acting appropriately and benevolently toward others (lecture, Oct 2). It basically means to love others. Confucius defines an ideal person as the one who knows how to act nicely in all situations (Analects, 165). The master said, A young man should be a good son at home and an obedient young man abroad, sparing of speech but trustworthy in what he says, and should love the ultitude at large but cultivate the friendship of his fellow men (Analects, 165). This statement describes what an ideal person has to be like. He has to be true and honest with his relations, and be responsible toward them. The 5 main relationships are between a parent and child, husband and wife, ruler and subject, between siblings, and friend to friend. An ideal person will maintain his relations responsibly. These relationships play an important role in connecting one person to another, and lead to harmony in society. Performing sacred rites and education are also important for Confucius. Once a person becomes a responsible and principled human being, he is called Junzi which means a gentleman or an accomplished person or a scholar (lecture, Oct 2). Confucius emphasized social harmony by stressing more on interpersonal values and proper behavior. Unlike the Chinese legalists that said social harmony can be achieved through strict laws and rewards, and the Mohists that said it could be achieved through love among people, Confucius believed that social harmony can be achieved by emphasizing sacred rites and education because if everyone learns the humanistic values, they can act according to what they learned, nd then make rational decisions. A person needs to learn these values in order to become a gentleman. He also needs to know his place in the family and the society, and perform the required duties to keep a positive relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Confucianism as a Philosophical System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Confucianism as a Philosophical System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Confucianism as a Philosophical System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The recognition of the relation is the key point because that is what will lead to the right behavior toward the relationship. An accomplished person needs to be able to understand the use of language meaning that he needs to know how to use language wisely and correctly. (lecture, Oct 2) The phrase from Confuciuss Analects: The master said, When you meet someone better than yourself, turn your thoughts to becoming his equal When you meet someone not as good as you are, look within and examine your own self shows that Confucius believed in learning from others (Analects, 166). He believed in learning the good points from others and if you find something bad in others, you can find that in yourself and correct it to become an accomplished person with moral values and humanity (Analects, 167). Practicing arts and culture (Wen) such as music can also help to bring harmony to thoughts by appreciating those traditions (lecture, Oct 7). These are the processes that a person needs to go over in order to become an ideal person and achieve social harmony. According to Daoism an ideal person has three key ideas: Dao, Wu-Wei, and Ziran. An ideal person is the one who does things according to the way they are naturally done (Dao), acts without agenda (Wu-Wei) by working with the natural processes, and be the own self (Ziran) are similar but the only difference is that in wu-wei there is no action involved, you let things happen by themselves, and in ziran you are actually acting naturally. (lecture, Oct 7) The goal of Daoism is to be in harmony with the nature. To be in harmony with Qi, a balance of Yin and Yang is needed. Qi is the generating force that is in every living thing that connects them to universe. Yin and Yang are the opposite forces of each other that create a rhythm when they interplay, but one cannot exist without the other. So if one has Yin but not Yang, harmony will not be achieved because Qi is not generated. The goal should be to harmonize ones own qi with the qi of universe. And a balance is needed between yin and yang to achieve harmony. Practicing Taichi which is a form of physical exercise is also important for health in Daoism, and it helps to achieve harmony. Philosophers of Daoism such as Laozi and Zhuangzi are the competitors of Confucius, and following their teachings of Daoism can help a person to become an ideal person in terms of Daoism. (lecture, Oct 7) Confucianism and Daoism differ in many subjects. Both use the word Dao, but they have different meanings. Dao in Confucianism means the right way of performing human activity and moral activities that were performed by the people from past, that will help to bring harmony in the society (lecture, Oct. 7). While in Daoism it eans to make way according to the way things are naturally. De in Confucianism means when a person behaves with high moral standards by being truly what he is. While in Daoism it is the power of the things to be themselves when they make a way to the way things are naturally. (lecture, Oct 7) Both have their own sets of values. While Confucianism focuses more on developing moral values, Daoism focuses more on emphasis in naturalness of human being for becoming an ideal person (lecture, Oct 9). In Confucianism an ideal person needs to have a set of principles of what is right and wrong, and then act according to it. Daoism focuses more on acting without any principles and leaves everything on the nature. An ideal person according to Confucianism has a self that is social, and it respects the relations like a relation to parent, or sibling, or a friend, etc, and values social harmony. In Daoism the self of an ideal person is completely natural and is individual, but is in harmony with the nature. (lecture, Oct 9) Gentle man- a scholar Social harmony last paragraph De and Dao- compare and contrast in Junzi Translated as rites, propriety, ritual, or appropriate behavior Holy Rite. Appropriate behavior within the five constant relationships out of which society is built. parent-child husband-wife elder-younger sibling friend-friend Wen- The arts†specifically music, literature, song/poetry, painting† practiced by the chon tzu. The practice of wen brings harmony to thoughts and feelings by appreciating and renewing tradition Li- rites Chun Tzu- a man with highest ethical standards, prince. Ren Cen)- goodness, benevolence 5 realtionships Daoism Chi- Chinese word for vital or generative force that is a matter-energy throughout the universe and within each thing or person. The goal is to harmonize ones own qi with the qi of the universe. Yin and Yang: The Chinese name for two complementary but opposite forces in the the two in any given situation Balancing yin and yang is harmony. Connect it with chi and acupuncture (become an ideal person) wu wei- action through non action. The principle teaches that unnecessary action is usually not productive. Instead, it urges aligning one s inner self in harmony with the Tao, so that energy and activity will flow spontaneously and naturally. (how to become ideal person) The goal of Taoists is to attain harmony with the Tao. This attainment of harmony with the Tao is also seen as living in accord with nature. Taoism is profound in its naturalism. Nature is something that should not be exploited and abused, it should be befriended not conquered. The ideal man in Taoism is one who through the naturalness of his existence became self-sufficient and not dependent upon wealth or social realms. It was this way that true happiness could be found Ziran- self or auto- + being so Daoist term for the Way of Nature to be emulated by the Daoist sage: the spontaneity of acting naturally so that things automatically happen of hemselves. (ideal person) Being in harmony with Ying and yang, has qi, through the practice of Taichi, practicing Taichi brings you to harmony with nature, and thats the goal of Taoism. Question: In her book on Indian philosophy, Sue Hamilton argued that Indian philosophy generally has a soteriological or personally transformative purpose, meaning that philosophy is supposed to make the person a b etter person in some way. Apply that thesis to Chinese philosophy. In what sense do both Confucian and Daoist philosophies try to make people better or more sagely? Compare and contrast Confucianism and Daoism in terms of: (b) the process by which one can become such a person. Note: This is an exam, not a term paper. Therefore, to answer the question requires nothing other than material from assigned readings and lectures. No special research is needed. To cite those materials you can simply use the following system of notation: For articles, Just put authors last name plus page number in parentheses, for example: (Ames, 23) For material from lectures, Just state lecture plus date of the lecture as given on the title pages of the PowerPoint slides, for example (lecture, Aug 1) No need for bibliography at end. Please remember the plagiarism warning given on the syllabus. In submitting your paper, be sure each page is numbered with you name on it and that the pages are stapled together (not paper-clipped). That is the best way to ensure your pages are kept together and you can get full credit. Compare and Contrast De and Dao- compare and contrast in last paragraph Confucianism focuses more on developing moral values, while Daoism focuses more on emphasis on naturalness and spontaneity for becoming an ideal person. (Oct 9) Confucianism as a Philosophical System Essay Example Confucianism as a Philosophical System Essay Confucianism is a philosophical system that was developed by Confucius. It mainly focuses on humanism i. e. treating others well. This can be described by Confucian idea Ren which means showing humanity by acting appropriately and benevolently toward others (lecture, Oct 2). It basically means to love others. Confucius defines an ideal person as the one who knows how to act nicely in all situations (Analects, 165). The master said, A young man should be a good son at home and an obedient young man abroad, sparing of speech but trustworthy in what he says, and should love the ultitude at large but cultivate the friendship of his fellow men (Analects, 165). This statement describes what an ideal person has to be like. He has to be true and honest with his relations, and be responsible toward them. The 5 main relationships are between a parent and child, husband and wife, ruler and subject, between siblings, and friend to friend. An ideal person will maintain his relations responsibly. These relationships play an important role in connecting one person to another, and lead to harmony in society. Performing sacred rites and education are also important for Confucius. Once a person becomes a responsible and principled human being, he is called Junzi which means a gentleman or an accomplished person or a scholar (lecture, Oct 2). Confucius emphasized social harmony by stressing more on interpersonal values and proper behavior. Unlike the Chinese legalists that said social harmony can be achieved through strict laws and rewards, and the Mohists that said it could be achieved through love among people, Confucius believed that social harmony can be achieved by emphasizing sacred rites and education because if everyone learns the humanistic values, they can act according to what they learned, nd then make rational decisions. A person needs to learn these values in order to become a gentleman. He also needs to know his place in the family and the society, and perform the required duties to keep a positive relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Confucianism as a Philosophical System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Confucianism as a Philosophical System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Confucianism as a Philosophical System specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The recognition of the relation is the key point because that is what will lead to the right behavior toward the relationship. An accomplished person needs to be able to understand the use of language meaning that he needs to know how to use language wisely and correctly. (lecture, Oct 2) The phrase from Confuciuss Analects: The master said, When you meet someone better than yourself, turn your thoughts to becoming his equal When you meet someone not as good as you are, look within and examine your own self shows that Confucius believed in learning from others (Analects, 166). He believed in learning the good points from others and if you find something bad in others, you can find that in yourself and correct it to become an accomplished person with moral values and humanity (Analects, 167). Practicing arts and culture (Wen) such as music can also help to bring harmony to thoughts by appreciating those traditions (lecture, Oct 7). These are the processes that a person needs to go over in order to become an ideal person and achieve social harmony. According to Daoism an ideal person has three key ideas: Dao, Wu-Wei, and Ziran. An ideal person is the one who does things according to the way they are naturally done (Dao), acts without agenda (Wu-Wei) by working with the natural processes, and be the own self (Ziran) are similar but the only difference is that in wu-wei there is no action involved, you let things happen by themselves, and in ziran you are actually acting naturally. (lecture, Oct 7) The goal of Daoism is to be in harmony with the nature. To be in harmony with Qi, a balance of Yin and Yang is needed. Qi is the generating force that is in every living thing that connects them to universe. Yin and Yang are the opposite forces of each other that create a rhythm when they interplay, but one cannot exist without the other. So if one has Yin but not Yang, harmony will not be achieved because Qi is not generated. The goal should be to harmonize ones own qi with the qi of universe. And a balance is needed between yin and yang to achieve harmony. Practicing Taichi which is a form of physical exercise is also important for health in Daoism, and it helps to achieve harmony. Philosophers of Daoism such as Laozi and Zhuangzi are the competitors of Confucius, and following their teachings of Daoism can help a person to become an ideal person in terms of Daoism. (lecture, Oct 7) Confucianism and Daoism differ in many subjects. Both use the word Dao, but they have different meanings. Dao in Confucianism means the right way of performing human activity and moral activities that were performed by the people from past, that will help to bring harmony in the society (lecture, Oct. 7). While in Daoism it eans to make way according to the way things are naturally. De in Confucianism means when a person behaves with high moral standards by being truly what he is. While in Daoism it is the power of the things to be themselves when they make a way to the way things are naturally. (lecture, Oct 7) Both have their own sets of values. While Confucianism focuses more on developing moral values, Daoism focuses more on emphasis in naturalness of human being for becoming an ideal person (lecture, Oct 9). In Confucianism an ideal person needs to have a set of principles of what is right and wrong, and then act according to it. Daoism focuses more on acting without any principles and leaves everything on the nature. An ideal person according to Confucianism has a self that is social, and it respects the relations like a relation to parent, or sibling, or a friend, etc, and values social harmony. In Daoism the self of an ideal person is completely natural and is individual, but is in harmony with the nature. (lecture, Oct 9) Gentle man- a scholar Social harmony last paragraph De and Dao- compare and contrast in Junzi Translated as rites, propriety, ritual, or appropriate behavior Holy Rite. Appropriate behavior within the five constant relationships out of which society is built. parent-child husband-wife elder-younger sibling friend-friend Wen- The arts†specifically music, literature, song/poetry, painting† practiced by the chon tzu. The practice of wen brings harmony to thoughts and feelings by appreciating and renewing tradition Li- rites Chun Tzu- a man with highest ethical standards, prince. Ren Cen)- goodness, benevolence 5 realtionships Daoism Chi- Chinese word for vital or generative force that is a matter-energy throughout the universe and within each thing or person. The goal is to harmonize ones own qi with the qi of the universe. Yin and Yang: The Chinese name for two complementary but opposite forces in the the two in any given situation Balancing yin and yang is harmony. Connect it with chi and acupuncture (become an ideal person) wu wei- action through non action. The principle teaches that unnecessary action is usually not productive. Instead, it urges aligning one s inner self in harmony with the Tao, so that energy and activity will flow spontaneously and naturally. (how to become ideal person) The goal of Taoists is to attain harmony with the Tao. This attainment of harmony with the Tao is also seen as living in accord with nature. Taoism is profound in its naturalism. Nature is something that should not be exploited and abused, it should be befriended not conquered. The ideal man in Taoism is one who through the naturalness of his existence became self-sufficient and not dependent upon wealth or social realms. It was this way that true happiness could be found Ziran- self or auto- + being so Daoist term for the Way of Nature to be emulated by the Daoist sage: the spontaneity of acting naturally so that things automatically happen of hemselves. (ideal person) Being in harmony with Ying and yang, has qi, through the practice of Taichi, practicing Taichi brings you to harmony with nature, and thats the goal of Taoism. Question: In her book on Indian philosophy, Sue Hamilton argued that Indian philosophy generally has a soteriological or personally transformative purpose, meaning that philosophy is supposed to make the person a b etter person in some way. Apply that thesis to Chinese philosophy. In what sense do both Confucian and Daoist philosophies try to make people better or more sagely? Compare and contrast Confucianism and Daoism in terms of: (b) the process by which one can become such a person. Note: This is an exam, not a term paper. Therefore, to answer the question requires nothing other than material from assigned readings and lectures. No special research is needed. To cite those materials you can simply use the following system of notation: For articles, Just put authors last name plus page number in parentheses, for example: (Ames, 23) For material from lectures, Just state lecture plus date of the lecture as given on the title pages of the PowerPoint slides, for example (lecture, Aug 1) No need for bibliography at end. Please remember the plagiarism warning given on the syllabus. In submitting your paper, be sure each page is numbered with you name on it and that the pages are stapled together (not paper-clipped). That is the best way to ensure your pages are kept together and you can get full credit. Compare and Contrast De and Dao- compare and contrast in last paragraph Confucianism focuses more on developing moral values, while Daoism focuses more on emphasis on naturalness and spontaneity for becoming an ideal person. (Oct 9)