Relationship Between Trade And World Output Essay

Relationship Between Trade And World Output - Essay Example In the similar vein when countries export their surplus goods to the nations who need them in exchange of money or other goods, it helps them both to boost their production level. Therefore, increase in international trade underscores the growth of world output. Despite the fact that international trade and world output are so very closely related to each other, there has observably been greater increase in international trade than the world output (Motley, 2005). Grimwade (2000, p36) clarifies that, "a major consequence of the fact that trade has grown faster than output has been that economies have become more open and economically more interdependent". As a consequence of such rapid growth in international trade, countries have become more and more reliant on other countries for the fulfilment of their needs for products and services. Hence, international trade is growing at a much faster pace than that of the output. The pattern of international trade simply refers to how countries are involved in trading with each other and how this constitutes a share in the world trade (Motley, 2005). The broad pattern of international trade reflects the share of developed and underdeveloped countries in the world output as well as contribution of each country towards the growth of world trade. This pattern changes with respect to individual countries as the world trade grows, however, in the broader perspective the international trade pattern demonstrates a consistent trend. Grimwade (2000, p20) says that, "over two-thirds of world trade is accounted for by the developed countries, a share that has been broadly stable over the past thirty years". More of the world's trade is carried out between developed countries than the underdeveloped ones due to the reason that these countries tend to produce surplus goods that could be exported to others. It is also a fact that domestic industries of developed countries are stronger than that of the underdeveloped countries, which leads them to adopt free trade policy. This pattern of trade also depends upon a country's policy towards open and restricted trade. As more developed countries are proponents of free trade, the contribution of these countries in the world trade happens to be greater than the underdeveloped countries that tend to be protectionist with regard to trade. Restricted trade policies in the form of various trade barriers and quotas, as well as trade promotion policy, in the form of incentives and grants on particular commodities tend to greatly influence a country's international trade pattern. Consequences Of Ceasing International Trade As a result of increasing international trade, countries are becoming reliant on each other for the provision of necessary goods and services. Hence, the very idea of ceasing international trade activities will seem horrifying to many countries. Grimwade (2000, p25) illuminates that, "the much faster expansion of trade relative to output has also meant that those countries that have shared in the process, have become increasingly interdependent". Countries today, heavily depend upon each other for the fulfilment of their needs by means of foreign trade. Not only the developed countries rely on imports and exports, but the underdeveloped

Illusion Verses Reality in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Essay

Illusion Verses Reality in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Death of A Salesman," by Arthur Miller, is a play that tells the story of a traveling salesman, Willy Loman, who encounters frustration and failure as he reflects on and experiences his own life. Willy's quest for the American Dream leads to his failure because throughout his life, he pursues the illusion of the American Dream and not the reality of it. His mindset on perfection, his obsession with success, and his constant reminiscence of the past and foretelling of the future, all contribute to his defeat in the end. The reality of the American Dream is that people are capable of succeeding. Success, though, requires one to work hard and be dedicated to both his/her professional life and family life. Yet, the illusion of the Dream is that attaining material prosperity defines success. Failing to acknowledge the importance of hard work in achieving the American Dream is another aspect of the illusion. By ignoring the present, Willy fails to deal with reality. He has a tendency of living in the past and thinking of the future. He always thinks that if he had done something differently then this could have happened, or things will get better as time passes. His habit of distorting the past, never allows Willy to realize what is going on right then and there in the present. At one time, when Willy goes off down memory lane, he "says" to Biff and Happy, "America is full of beautiful towns and fine, upstanding people. And they know me, boys?the finest people?there?ll be open sesame for all of us, ?cause one thing boys: I have friends. I can park my car in any street?and the cops protect it like their own" (31). Willy makes this distortion of the pa... ...ind. Willy Loman portrays a "common man", who lives a life that is purely an illusion. Although Willy has good intentions, his tragic flaw is that he focuses only on the appearance of the American Dream and never on the reality, the work ethic, or how to achieve it. Willy brings about his own downfall, his defeat, because he tries to pursue this "superficial" idea. Miller includes this theme of the American Dream in his social criticism in an attempt to portray the deviation in the values of society. For instance, materialism and technological advances, causes the American Dream to change as times changes. The salesman is a position that has declining importance at the time. He shows that an individual?s values are based on what society has established. Yet, as society changes, the values one has may not, causing conflict between the society and the individual.

Reearch Paper

Recrystallization Estopace, Edgie1, Polintan, Clarisse K. Professor Edgie Estopace, School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Mapua Institute of Technology; Clarisse Polintan, CHM145L/A21, School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biotechnology, Mapua Institute of Technology ABSTRACT This experiment is all about identifying the appropriate solvent for recrystallization and technique and to use the recrystallization technique in purifying a solid sample. Most organic substances are impure and require techniques in order to purify a sample. One of these techniques to make an impure sample pure is by recrystallization.This experiment includes the determination of a good solvent for recrystallization for compounds such as: acetanilide, acetamide, aspirin, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose, for solvents such as: water, ethanol, benzene, and ethyl acetate. Also pure acetanilide is achieved. here are five major steps in the recrystallization process: dissolving t he solute in the solvent, performing a gravity filtration, if necessary, obtaining crystals of the solute, collecting the solute crystals by vacuum filtration, and, finally, drying the resulting crystals giving us the pure sample of the compound.The best solvent used for each of the compounds listed and the percentage recovery of the crude acetanilide. The physical properties of the compound were also determined. INTRODUCTION Differential solubility is defined as the differences in the amount of solid that can be dissolved in an appropriate solvent as affected by variations in temperature. Solubility is inversely proportional to its temperature, since most solids have solubilities that are lower in liquid solvents at low temperatures. Feature Article Relative Rates:Â  Free-Radical BrominationDifferences in solubilities are sometimes used in the process of obtaining pure compounds by dissolving the solid in hot solvent and allow the undissolved impurities to be filtered off. The filtrate would then be cooled down and recrystallized as a purer compound. There should be differences in the solubilities of the solid and the impurities in order for the recrystallization to be effective. Recrystallization only works when the proper solvent is being used.The appropriate recrystallization solvent should: dissolve the entire compound at high temperature, dissolver very little or none of the compound at low temperature, have different solubilities for the compound and the impurities, have a boiling point below the melting point of the compound, have relatively low boiling point, be inert with respect to the compound, and be relatively inexpensive. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first part of the experiment required the students figure out which solvent is appropriate for recrystallization technique. Approximately 0. 10 grams of acetamide was weighed and placed inside a test tube.The acetamide was then dissolved in two millilitres of cold water. The solubility behaviour was then observed. If the acetamide did not dissolve, the mixture was then boiled and it’s solubility behaviour was again observed. These steps were then repeated but with cold ethanol, benzene, and ethyl acetate as the solvent instead of water. The above procedures were repeated, however, the students used different solutes this time for observation. The compounds used next were acetanilide, aspirin, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose, followed by the recording of data.The second part of the experiment tackled the recrystallization process using impure acetanilide and water as a solvent to obtain a pure sample of acetanilide. This part used the Hot Gravity Filtration Set-up first, followed by the Vacuum Filtration Set-up. The Hot Gravity Filtration Set-up included the following apparatuses: a stemless funnel, a fluted ashless filter paper, an Erlenmeyer flask, a hot water bath, and a hot plate. The Vacuum Filtration Set-up included water suction, rubber tubing, a 500ml Erlenmeyer flask, a rubber stopper and a porcelain Buchner funnel.Other apparatuses used include the Thomas-Hoover Melting Apparatus, micro test tubes, a test tube rack, capillary tubes, a beaker, and an oven. First, approximately 100 mL of water was heated and approximately 3. 50 grams of crude acetanilide was weighed. The impure acetanilide was then dissolved in 30 mL of water using 150-ml beaker. The mixture was slightly boiled using a hot plate. When the mixture started to boil, 2-ml portions of the previously heated water was added until the white solid had dissolved. A temperature of 90 C was maintained. The total volume of the water used was then recorded.A small amount of activated carbon was then added. Using the hot gravity filtrati on set up, the solution was poured into the fluted filter paper that was in the stemless glass funnel. The filtrate should then be colourless, if not more activated carbon was added and the filtration process was repeated. The flask was then removed from the hot plate and the residue was discarded. FIGURE 1. Hot Gravity Filtration Setup FIGURE 2. Fluted Filter paper The colorless filtrate was then cooled down to room temperature, placed in an ice bath, and was stirred continuously until crystallization was complete.This took about ton to fifteen minutes. When the crystallization was complete, the solution was vacuum filtered and then the crystals were washed in 2 mL of cold water. The crystals were then dried and weighed. The percentage recovery was then computed for and the melting point of the purifying crystals was determined using the Thomas Hoover Melting Apparatus. FIGURE 3. Vacuum Filtration Setup RESULTS Table I. Choice of Solvent (S=Soluble , I=Insoluble) Compound| Water| E thanol| Benzene| Ethyl Acetate| | Cold| Hot| Cold| Hot| Cold| Hot| Cold| Hot| Acetamide| S| S| S| S| I| S| S| S| Acetanilide| I| S| S| S| I| S| S| S|Aspirin| I| S| S| S| I| S| S| S| Benzoic Acid| I| S| S| S| S| S| S| S| Naphthalene| I| S| I| S| S| S| S| S| Sucrose| S| S| I| S| I| I| S| S| Compound| Solvent Appropriate for Recrystallization| Acetamide| Benzene| Acetanilide| Water| Aspirin| Benzene| Benzoic Acid| Water| Naphthalene| Water| Sucrose| Ethanol| Table 1. 1 Table 1. 2 Table 2. Recrystallization of Impure Acetanilide Weight of crude acetanilide in grams| 3. 53 g| Weight of the filter paper in grams| 1. 23 g| Weight of the pure acetanilide in grams| 0. 79 g| Volume of water used in mL| 62 mL| Melting Point of pure acetanilide in | 130-190 |Percentage Recovery| 29. 63 %| Step| Observation| Boiling of crude acetanilide| It boiled slowly and the boiling started at 90 C. White substance boiled as water was added; black substance remained | Addition of activated carbon| Impurities in water were absorbed. | Hot Gravity Filtration| Black substance was left on the filter paper and the white liquid went down and was separated from the black substance. | Cooling in an ice bath| Dissolved acetanilide formed white crystals. | Vacuum Filtration| The acetanilide was filtrated and what was left on the filter was the crystals. DISCUSSION In the experiment, all six of the seven criteria were vividly exhibited. The fist criterion states that the solvent should dissolve all of the compounds at high temperature. The second criterion is that the solvent should dissolve very little, or none of the compound at low temperatures. The third criterion is that the solvent should have different solubility with the impurities and the compound. The fourth and fifth criterion states that the solvent should have a low boiling point and that it should be lower than the melting point of the compound.The last criterion acquired from the experiment is that the solvent should be inert. In t he first part of the experiment, we determined the most appropriate solvent for recrystallization of the compounds by checking whether the compound is insoluble in a cold solvent, and soluble when dipped in hot water bath. The results in Table 1. 2 are based on the data of Tables 1. 1, we chose such solvents because the compounds did not dissolve in the solvent at a low temperature, and it did at high temperature.Using an appropriate solvent for recrystallization is necessary because it can save you time, money and other materials. Time because you are already sure that the solvent would be safe to use in dissolving the compound at certain temperatures, you wouldn’t need to experiment anymore. For the second part of the experiment, the recrystallization of impure acetanilide, we were conducted to separate the impurities of the acetanilide by using the recrystallization process and by using water as the agent or the solvent for recrystallization.During recrystallization, minim um amount of solvent is used to dissolve the solute. This is important because if the amount of solvent exceeded the volume needed to dissolve the solute, recrystallization would not be possible anymore. A fluted filter paper was used in the hot filtration set up because it has a larger surface area to catch the solid impurities, making it easier and more effective to separate the residues from the filtrate in the process.A stemless funnel was used during the hot filtration set up because unlike a regular funnel, the stem where the filtrate would pass could recrystallize the solid immediately within its stem. If the funnel were stemless the filtrate would go straight down to the flask without crystalizing and compounds. The solution was not placed in an ice cold bath immediately after the hot filtration because the flask might have broke due to a drop in temperature. Vacuum filtration is used during the cold filtration step because it is asier to filter out the crystalized solid fro m the liquid since cold temperatures would already recrystallize the solid compounds. The cold crystals are washed with water to remove any impurities that are in the crystals. The main function of the activated carbon was to absorb any impurities in the water without reacting with it. Cooling the filtrate on an ice bath makes the recrystallization process faster because of the relatively low temperature. Based on the results on table 2, the percentage recovery was 29. 3%, which seems fairly low since 70. 37% of the crude acetanilide is impurities. Human error might have caused it to be that low and maybe some crystals might have been left in the apparatus such as flasks. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This experiment proves that the characteristics of choosing an ideal solvent for recrystallization are reliable and important. In the first part of the experiment, which had an objective of identifying the appropriate solvent for the recrystallization technique was achieved.The secon d objective, which was to use the recrystallization technique in purifying a solid sample, was also achieved. I would like to recommend that future researchers experiment on other solutes and solvents, preferably common ones in order to determine which solvents are most appropriate for recrystallization. An understanding of these compounds can be better obtained. REFERENCES 1. Baluyut, J. Y. G. , and De Castro, K. A. , Organic Chemistry Laboratory Manual For Chemistry Students Part1. 2. Klein, D. , (2011) Organic Chemistry, 1st Ed. , Cold United States of America

I Want to Major in Computer Science - 665 Words

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